Mac OS X Snow Leopard

Mac OS X v10.6 Snow Leopard
Part of the Mac OS X family
Screenshot of Mac OS X Snow Leopard
Developer
Apple Inc.
Website	Official website
Releases
Release date	August 28, 2009 (info)
Current version	10.6.4 (June 15, 2010; 7 months ago (2010-06-15)) (info)
Source model	Closed source (with open source components)
License	APSL and Apple EULA
Kernel type	32-bit or 64-bit Hybrid
Update method	Apple Software Update
Platform support	IA-32, x86-64[1]
Preceded by	Mac OS 10.5 "Leopard"
Support status
Supported

Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) is the seventh and current major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server certified Unix operating system.^[2]

Snow Leopard was publicly unveiled on June 8, 2009 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. On August 28, 2009, it was released worldwide,^[3] and was made available for purchase from Apple's website and its retail stores at the price of US$29 for a single-user license. As a result of the low price, initial sales of Snow Leopard were significantly higher than that of its predecessors.^[4] The release of Snow Leopard came nearly two years after the introduction of Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard," the second longest time span between successive Mac OS X releases.

Unlike previous versions of Mac OS X, the goals with Snow Leopard were improved performance, greater efficiency and the reduction of its overall memory footprint. Addition of new end-user features was not a primary goal. Much of the software in Mac OS X was extensively rewritten for this release in order to fully take advantage of modern Macintosh hardware. New programming frameworks, such as OpenCL, were created, allowing software developers to use graphics cards in their applications. This is also the first Mac OS release since the introduction of System 7.1.2 that does not support the PowerPC architecture, as Apple now intends to focus on its current line of Intel-based products.^[5]

System requirements

Apple states the following basic Snow Leopard system requirements are:

• Mac computer with an Intel processor (IA-32). "Yonah" processors such as Core Solo and Core Duo can run only 32-bit applications; later x86-64 architecture processors such as Core 2 will also be able to run 64-bit applications.
• 1 GB of RAM
• 5 GB of free disk space
• DVD drive (also accessible via Remote Disc) or external USB or FireWire DVD drive for installation

Additional requirements to use certain features:^[6]

• QuickTime H.264 hardware acceleration support, requires an Nvidia GeForce 9400M, 320M, or GT 330M graphics card
• OpenCL, requires a supported Nvidia or ATI graphics card^[6]

Snow Leopard does not support PowerPC-based Macs (e.g., Power Macs, PowerBooks, iBooks, iMacs (G3-G5), all eMacs, plus pre-February 2006 Mac minis and the Power Mac G4 Cube), although PowerPC applications are supported via Rosetta, which is now an optional install.

Usage on unsupported hardware

Some ways of running 10.6 Snow Leopard on certain unsupported hardware have been discovered. Users who have access to supported hardware have installed Snow Leopard on the supported machine then simply moved the hard drive to the unsupported machine. Alternatively, the Snow Leopard Installation DVD can be booted on a supported Mac, then installed on an unsupported Mac via the Firewire Target Disk Mode.

Since Apple moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 project has developed and now also allows Mac OS X Tiger and Leopard to be installed and run successfully on non-Apple x86-based computers, albeit in violation of Apple's licensing agreement for OS X. A variety of installation processes can be used, the most common being to use modified Darwin bootloaders commonly known as "Boot 132" designed to trick the retail, or vanilla, operating system into thinking that it is running on an EFI-based Mac. This method of installation allows the use of an unmodified Apple installation DVD and the updating of the operating system from the built-in Software Update utility, but will work only on Intel Core-based PCs, unless a modified kernel is added to the pre-boot cd. Modified installation DVDs are also available illegally which offer a more outdated approach to installing. A hardware device capable of being attached to a PC’s motherboard has also been released, EFI-X, enabling much the same function as the modified Darwin bootloader.

License

Snow Leopard is available as an upgrade for Intel-based Macintosh computers. Single-user licenses and "family pack" licenses for up to five computers are available. For qualifying Mac computers bought after June 8, 2009 Apple offered a discounted price through their "up to date" program provided your order was faxed or postmarked by December 26, 2009. While the license for the standalone retail version of Snow Leopard restricts that upgrade to users of Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard", the company has acknowledged that there is no technical barrier preventing a direct upgrade from Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger."^[7] The recommended upgrade path from Apple for OS X "Tiger" is through the current release of the "Mac Box Set," which includes Mac OS X Snow Leopard, iLife '09, and iWork '09.

There are three licenses available.^[8] These licenses differ in their requirements for pre-installed versions of Mac OS X:

• Leopard Upgrade: requires that Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard already be installed.

Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, you are granted a limited non-exclusive license to install, use and run one (1) copy of the Apple Software on a single Apple-branded computer as long as that computer has a properly licensed copy of Mac OS X Leopard already installed on it.^[9]

• Single Use: places no restriction on which (if any) version of Mac OS X should already be installed. Used for the non-upgrade and Mac Box Set versions of Snow Leopard.

Subject to the terms and conditions of this License ... you are granted a limited non-exclusive license to install, use and run one (1) copy of the Apple Software on a single Apple-branded computer at a time.^[9]

• Family Pack: identical to the Single Use license, in this respect.

The license Apple's website^[10] advertises as "upgrade from Mac OS X Leopard for $29" is not the Leopard Upgrade license, but the Single Use license.

The Snow Leopard single user license will be available for a suggested retail price of $29 (US)^[11]

The Snow Leopard Upgrade license applies only to the Up-To-Date Program^[12] (US$9.95) for Macs bought between June 8 and December 26, 2009^[13] and the installation discs provided through this program are clearly marked as upgrades unlike either of the retail editions.

New or changed features

Mac OS X v10.6 is intended to be a release aimed to refine the existing feature set, expand the technological capabilities of the operating system, and improve application efficiency. Many of the changes involve how the system works in the background and are not intended to be seen by the user. For example, the Finder application was completely rewritten in the 64-bit Cocoa application programming interface. Despite significant changes in the software, users will experience almost no changes in the user interface. Snow Leopard includes the following changes:

• Boot Camp now allows Windows partitions to read and copy files from HFS+ partitions. The new version also adds support for advanced features on Cinema Displays and a new command-line version of the Startup Disk Control Panel.
• The Finder has been completely rewritten in 64-bit Cocoa to take advantage of the new technologies introduced in Snow Leopard.
• A much smaller OS footprint, taking up about 7 GB less space than Mac OS X v10.5. Some of the recovered disk space (~250 MB) is due to the fact that printer drivers are now downloaded or installed only as needed, rather than being pre-installed. The default install only contains those drivers needed for existing printers and a small subset of popular printers.^[14]
• iChat enhancements include greater resolution video chats in iChat Theater and lowered upload bandwidth requirements.
• Microsoft Exchange support is now integrated into the Mail, Address Book, and iCal applications. However, only Microsoft Exchange 2007 is supported and customers using prior versions of Exchange must either upgrade or use Microsoft Entourage.
• Full multi-touch trackpad support has been added to notebooks prior to those introduced in October 2008.^[15] While the original MacBook Air and other early multi-touch trackpad enabled notebooks had support for some gestures, they were unable to use four-finger gestures. This limitation has now been removed in Snow Leopard.
• Preview now has artificial intelligence algorithms that allow it to infer the structure of a paragraph in a PDF document.
• QuickTime X, the next version of QuickTime player and multimedia framework, has been completely rewritten into a full 64-bit Cocoa application and builds on the media technologies in Mac OS X, such as Core Audio, Core Video, and Core Animation, to deliver playback. Apple has redesigned the QuickTime user interface to resemble the full-screen QuickTime view in prior versions, where the entire window displays the video. The titlebar and playback controls fade in and out as needed. QuickTime X also supports HTTP live streaming and takes advantage of ColorSync to provide high-quality color reproduction.^[16] If Snow Leopard is installed on a Mac with an nVidia GeForce 9400M, 320M or GT 330M graphics card, QuickTime X will be able to use its video-decoding capabilities to reduce CPU load.
• Safari 4 features Top Sites, Cover Flow, VoiceOver, expanded standards support, and built-in crash resistance, which prevents browser crashes caused by plug-ins by running them in separate processes. Safari 4 is bundled with Snow Leopard but does not require it, as it is available for free for Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger), 10.5 (Leopard) as well as Windows.
• Time Machine connection establishment and backups are now much faster.
• VoiceOver has also been greatly enhanced in Snow Leopard. Reading of web pages is improved with Auto Web Spots — areas of a page automatically designated for quick access. On newer Apple portables, trackpad gestures can be used to control VoiceOver functions, including the "rotor" gesture first seen in VoiceOver for the iPhone 3GS, allowing for the changing of certain VoiceOver navigation options by rotating fingers on the trackpad. Braille Display support is also improved, with Bluetooth displays supported for the first time.^[17]

Refinements to the user interface

While the Finder was completely rewritten in 64-bit Cocoa, it did not receive a major user interface overhaul. Instead, the interface has been modified in several areas to promote ease of use. These changes include:

• Exposé can now display windows for a single program by left clicking and holding its icon in the dock. Windows are arranged in a new grid pattern.
• Contextual menus which come out of Dock icons now have more options and have a new look, with a semi-transparent charcoal background and white text.
• Dock Stacks, when viewed as a grid, allow viewing of a subfolder as a new stack, rather than launching a Finder window, in a manner similar to “tunnelling”. When viewed as grids or lists, scroll-bars are provided to navigate folders with more items than the current screen resolution will accommodate.^[18]
• The default gamma has been changed from 1.8 to 2.2 to better serve the color needs of digital content producers and consumers.^[14]
• Windows can now be minimized directly onto their application's icon in the dock.^[19]
• Faster PDF and JPEG icon refreshes.^[20]
• When searching for a network, the AirPort menu-bar icon animates until it finds a network and shows network strength of available networks in the drop down menu.
• Prefixes for bytes are now used in strictly decimal meaning (as opposed to their binary meaning) when describing disk space, such that an indicated file size of 1 MB corresponds to 1 million bytes, as commonly used by hard disk manufacturers.^[21]
• Snow Leopard shuts down and goes to sleep faster.^[22]

New wallpapers

As with most upgrades of Mac OS, new wallpapers are available. There are new wallpapers in the Nature (two of which are of snow leopards), Plants and Black and White sub-folders under the Apple folder. Furthermore, there are new Apple wallpaper sub-folders with multiple wallpapers:

• Art: Dancer on the Stage, Nighthawks, Poppies Blooming, Sunday Afternoon, Suprematism, The Great Wave, and Water Lilies.
• Patterns: Pinstripe and Saree.

New solid colors can be used as wallpapers as well. There is a new blue and gray, as well as a solid kelp which serves as the "green wallpaper." The default "space nebula" wallpaper has been updated as well.

Dropped features

• It is no longer possible to change an application's language using the Finder "Get Info" dialogue, nor can you remove other languages. While there are workarounds for some applications, others (such as Adobe After Effects CS4) will not be able to be run in a different language than the one installed^[23] without using Terminal commands or 3rd party software.
• Creator code, a hidden code that defines what application should open a specific file regardless of its extension, is no longer supported.^[24]

Developer technologies

64-bit architecture

Mac OS X Tiger added limited support for 64-bit applications on machines with 64-bit processors; Leopard extended the support for 64-bit applications to include applications using most of Mac OS X's libraries and frameworks.

In Snow Leopard, most built-in applications have been rebuilt to leverage the 64-bit x86-64 architecture (excluding iTunes, Front Row, Grapher and DVD Player applications).^[25] They will run in 32-bit mode on machines with 32-bit processors, and in 64-bit mode on machines with 64-bit processors.

In addition, the Mac OS X kernel has been rebuilt to run in 64-bit mode on some machines. On those machines, Snow Leopard supports up to 16 terabytes of RAM. Newer Xserve and Mac Pro machines will run a 64-bit kernel by default; newer iMac machines can run a 64-bit kernel, but will not do so by default.^[26] Users wishing to use the 64-bit kernel on those machines must hold down the numbers 6 and 4 on the keyboard while booting to get the 64-bit kernel to load.^[27][28] A change to the com.apple.Boot.plist will also enable users with compatible computers to permanently boot into 64-bit for those wishing to do so.

Stuart Harris, software product marketing manager at Apple Australia, said, "For the most part, everything that they experience on the Mac, from the 64-bit point of view, the applications, the operating system, is all going to be 64-bit, but that at this stage there were very few things, such as device drivers, that required 64-bit mode at the kernel level".^[28]

As of version 10.6.0, only the following Apple computers are capable of running the 64-bit kernel:^[29][30]

^* Amit Singh and Allen Dunahoo have reported that the early 2009 Mac Mini and Early 2009 MacBook 13" may be capable of running the 64-bit kernel; however, Apple has set these models to boot into the 32-bit kernel. With some tweaking, the Unibody MacBook can be set to boot the 64-bit kernel. To do this you can install Onlyx.^[31]

Grand Central Dispatch

Grand Central Dispatch uses the multiple processor cores now in every new Macintosh for more efficient performance. Due to the technical difficulties traditionally involved in making applications optimized for multicore CPUs, the majority of computer applications do not effectively use multiple processor cores.^[32] As a result, processing power often goes unused. Grand Central Dispatch includes APIs to help programmers efficiently use these cores for parallel programming.

Grand Central Dispatch shifts thread handling focus to itself rather than leaving it to specific applications to distribute jobs evenly across cores and clears up unused memory created by inactive or old threads to achieve maximum performance. Apple is also releasing APIs for Grand Central Dispatch for developers to use in their applications and also to analyze specific blocks of code running on Grand Central Dispatch.^[33]

A new C and Objective-C language feature named "Blocks" facilitates creation of code that will easily optimize to take advantage of Grand Central Dispatch.^[34][35][36]

OpenCL

OpenCL (Open Computing Language) addresses the power of graphics processing units (GPUs) to leverage them in any application, and not just for graphics-intensive applications like 3D games. OpenCL automatically optimizes for the kind of graphics processor in the Mac, adjusting itself to the available processing power. OpenCL provides consistent numeric precision and accuracy, fixing a problem that has hampered GPU-based programming in the past.^[37]

OpenCL is a C-based programming language with a structure that is already familiar to Mac OS X programmers, who can use Xcode developer tools to adapt their programs to work with OpenCL. Only the most process intensive parts of the application need to be written in OpenCL C without affecting the rest of the code. OpenCL is an open standard that has been supported by AMD, Intel, and Nvidia; it is maintained by Khronos Group.^[16]

It serves a similar purpose to Nvidia's C for CUDA and Microsoft's Direct3D 11 compute shaders.

It only works with the following Mac GPUs: NVIDIA GeForce 320M, GT 330M, 9400M, 9600M GT, 8600M GT, GT 120, GT 130, GTX 285, 8800 GT, 8800 GS, Quadro FX 4800, FX 5600 and ATI Radeon HD 4670, HD 4850, HD 4870.^[6]

CUPS

CUPS (the printing system used in many Unix-like operating systems) has been updated to version 1.4 which provides improved driver, networking, and Kerberos support along with performance improvements. CUPS 1.4 is also the first implementation of the Internet Printing Protocol version 2.1.^[38]

Power management

Power management has been improved, with implementation of a new wake on demand feature supported on more recent Macintosh hardware.^[39] Wake on demand takes advantage of the sleep proxy service implemented in AirPort and Time Capsule routers,^[40] so that the computer can sleep while the router responds to mDNS queries. Should the request require the host computer to wake up, the router sends the necessary special wake-up-packet^[41] to the sleeping computer.

Security

An anti-malware feature was added to the system that alerts the user if malware is detected.^[42]

Computer security researcher Charlie Miller claims that OS X Snow Leopard is more vulnerable to attack than Microsoft Windows for lacking full address space layout randomization (ASLR) since OS X v10.5,^[43] which Microsoft has implemented since Windows Vista.^[44]

Despite the lack of ASLR, Apple has strengthened OS X by implementing stack protection, and sandboxing more OS X components such as the H.264 decoder in QuickTime and browser plug-ins as a separate process in Safari.^[45]

Compatibility

Snow Leopard breaks compatibility with versions of some applications, including Parallels Desktop 3.0, versions of Aperture before 2.1.1, and versions of Keynote before 2.0.2, among other software.^[46] Apple has also published an official list of applications with compatibility issues with Snow Leopard.

Printer and scanner drivers used by previous versions of Mac OS X are not compatible with Snow Leopard and will be replaced during Snow Leopard installation. Since the initial release of Snow Leopard many manufacturers have provided compatible drivers that are available via Software Update.^[47] If a native driver is not available Snow Leopard also includes CUPS and Gutenprint open source drivers that may provide limited functionality.

Reception

Mac OS X Snow Leopard was well-received by critics.^[48][49] Apple had stated in the advertising of Snow Leopard from its first demo at the WWDC 2009 that Snow Leopard features no new major visual changes.^[50] Instead, the release focuses on refining the operating system to enable better performance.^[50]

The price of Snow Leopard has dropped from the $129 Apple charged for previous versions of Mac OS X to $29. This could be largely due to the fact that most users would not see a noticeable change in the look and feel of the system.^[51] However, most reviews commented on the large improvement in speed of the native Mac OS X applications Finder, iCal, Mail, etc.^[51]

Other unexpected improvements were the release of a new version of Boot Camp, version 3.0, a cleaner, popup software update process and screen and video recording in the new QuickTime Player.^[52]

CNET editors gave it 4 stars out of 5, stating "Intel Mac users will like Snow Leopard's smartly designed interface enhancements, and its Exchange support is a must-have (especially with Outlook for Mac on the way). With a ton of technological improvements, Snow Leopard is worth the $29 upgrade fee."^[53]

The single-user upgrade and Family Pack units of Snow Leopard ranked 1 and 2 respectively on Amazon.com's software bestseller charts when Apple announced it would release it within the week.^[54]

More critically, SFGate blogger Yobie Benjamin wrote that the "Macbook Pro that came preloaded with Snow Leopard kicks butt and is a screaming fast machine", but "when I tried to upgrade one of my 'older' Macbooks, it was a fricking disaster from hell". Benjamin complained of slowness even after an upgrade install and a later clean install on the older machine, which he ended up downgrading back to Leopard.^[55]

A bug in Mac OS X versions 10.6 and 10.6.1 which, in rare cases, caused loss of user account data after use of a previously-existing guest account by users who had upgraded from a previous version of Mac OS X, received wide publicity.^[56] The bug was fixed as of version 10.6.2.^[57]

Release history

Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced Snow Leopard at WWDC on June 9, 2008, and it was privately demonstrated to developers by Senior Vice President of Software Engineering Bertrand Serlet. On Monday, 11 May 2009, after build 10A354, Apple issued a code freeze on Snow Leopard's APIs.^[58] The first public demonstration was given at WWDC 2009 by Serlet and Vice President of Mac OS Engineering, Craig Federighi.^[5][59]

Mac OS X Server includes these features and other server-related features. Apple initially stated that Server would include ZFS support, but mention of this feature later disappeared from Apple's website and it was not included in the final release over licensing issues.^[61]

See also

• List of Macintosh software

External links

• Mac OS X Snow Leopard at Apple.com
• Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard at Apple.com
• Mac OS X 10.6 Application Compatibility List A user-edited list of Mac applications that have been tested on Snow Leopard
• Mac OS X 10.6 Review at Ars Technica, by John Siracusa

References